수상 도서
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쁘라나prāṇa를 조절하는 기법은 우빠니샤드 시대 이전부터 있었지만 ‘쁘라나의 조절을 통해 신체身體를 신체神體로 바꾸는 신체 연금술’, 다시 말해서 몸 안에서 신성을 구현하는 실천적 인문학으로 정립시킨 것이 하타요가이다. 하타요가는 8-9세기와 12세기의 사상적 대폭발로 생겨난 초신성에 불과했지만 15세기의 『하타의 등불Haṭhapradīpikā』에 의해 꾼달리니 수행법으로 통일되고 주류 요가가 된다.
차 례
일러두기 ············································································· ⅰ
제1부 문헌연구
제1장 『하타의 등불』과 주석서 『월광』 ······················· 3
I. 『하타의 등불』 ····································································· 3
1. 저 자 ········································································ 10
2. 성립 시기 ····································································· 12
3. 필사본 개괄 ·································································· 15
II. 주석서 『월광』(Jyotsnā) ····················································· 32
1. 『월광』의 문헌적 의의 ·················································· 32
2. 『월광』의 성립과 저자 ·················································· 43
3. 『월광』의 출판 및 필사본 현황 ···································· 53
제2장 『하타의 등불』의 구성 ····································· 65
I. 구 성 ············································································· 65
II. 『하타의 등불』의 주요 내용 ············································· 70
III. 『하타의 등불』의 수행법 목록 ········································ 75
1. 아사나(Āsana) ································································ 77
2. 여섯 정화법(Ṣaṭkarma) ··················································· 79
3. 꿈브하까(Kumbhaka) ······················································ 80
4. 무드라(Mudrā) ······························································· 81
5. 명 상 ········································································ 83
제3장 『하타의 등불』의 명칭 ······································· 85
I. 필 사 본 ············································································ 89
1. 콜로폰과 카탈로그 ························································ 89
2. 필사 연도 ····································································· 93
II. 후대 문헌의 언급 ····························································· 95
1. 『하타라뜨나발리』(Haṭharatnāvalī) ·································· 95
2. 『유끄따브하바데바』(Yuktabhavadeva) ······························ 97
3. 『요가까르니까』(Yogakarṇikā) ········································· 98
4. 『요가찐따마니』(Yogacintāmaṇi) ······································ 99
5. 요가 우빠니샤드들(Upaniṣadbhāṣya-s)에 대한
『주해서』 ····································································· 100
6. 『고락샤싯드히싯드한따상그라하』(Gorakṣasiddhāntasaṃgraha)
···································································· 101
7. 『요가싯드한따짠드리까』(Yogasiddhāntacandrikā) ··········· 102
III. 주석서, 『월광』(Jyotsnā)의 언급 ····································· 104
IV. 스바뜨마라마의 표현 ····················································· 106
1. 하타(Haṭha)의 의미와 용례 ·········································· 106
2. 운 율 ······································································· 110
3. 저자의 언급 ································································ 110
V. 표준적 명칭과 표기 ······················································· 113
제4장 『하타의 등불』의 운율(Chandas) ··················· 118
I. 운율에 따른 용어 사용의 제한성 ···································· 120
II. 아누쉬뚜브-쉴로까(Anuṣṭubh-śloka) ·································· 127
1. 빠티야(기본형, Pathyā) ·················································· 129
2. 비뿔라(확장형, Vipulā) ·················································· 130
III. 브릿따(Vṛtta) 운율 ························································· 135
1. 동일 운율(Samavṛtta) ···················································· 135
2. 이질 운율(Visamavṛtta) ················································· 146
IV. 교차운율(Ardhasamavṛtta: 절반운율) ································· 147
V. 자띠(Jāti) 운율 ································································ 149
1. 아리야(Āryā) ································································ 151
2. 아우빠찬다시까(Aupacchandasika) ································· 154
VI. 운율 체계 ······································································ 157
범 례 ················································································ 167
제2부 귀경게(maṅgala)
제1장 첫 번째 가르침: 아사나(체위, 좌법) ················· 173
귀경게(maṅgala) ··································································· 173
탐구 주제와 저술 목적 ························································ 184
스바뜨마라마의 요가 전통 ··················································· 191
하타요가의 계보 ·································································· 198
모든 요가의 토대인 하타요가 ············································· 209
비밀의 준수 ········································································· 211
수련장의 입지 조건과 구조 ················································· 212
주의 사항과 수행의 권유 ···················································· 218
아사나(āsana: 체위, 좌법)의 전통 ·········································· 221
길상좌(Svastikāsanam) ··························································· 225
소얼굴 체위(Gomukhāsanam) ················································· 227
영웅좌(Vīrāsanam) ································································· 227
거북이 체위(Kūrmāsanam) ····················································· 229
수탉 체위(Kukkuṭāsanam) ······················································ 230
누운 거북이 체위(Uttānakūrmāsanam) ···································· 230
활 체위(Dhanurāsanam) ························································· 231
맛첸드라 체위(Mastyendrāsanam) ··········································· 232
등펴기 체위(Paścimatāna) ······················································ 235
공작 체위(Mayūrāsanam) ······················································· 238
송장 체위(Śavāsanam) ··························································· 242
요가의 84가지 체위와 달인좌 ············································· 244
달인좌(Siddhāsanam) ····························································· 247
달인좌에 대한 칭송 ····························································· 252
연화좌(Padmāsanam) ······························································ 260
사자좌(Siṃhāsanam) ······························································ 270
행운좌(Bhadrāsanam) ····························································· 272
하타요가의 수련 순서 ························································· 273
음식에 대한 규정: 절식(節食, mitāhāra) ······························· 277
음식에 대한 규정: 부적당한 음식 ······································· 280
수행 초기의 금기 사항 ························································ 283
음식에 대한 규정: 유익한 음식 ·········································· 286
요가 수련의 권유 ································································ 289
제2장 두 번째 가르침: 호흡법 ··································· 293
호흡수련(prāṇāyāma)의 권유 ················································· 295
호흡 수련의 동기 ································································ 301
나디 정화의 중요성 ····························································· 304
나디정화법 ··········································································· 308
나디정화 호흡법 요약 및 효과 ··········································· 315
꿈브하까의 수련 횟수와 시간대 ·········································· 318
꿈브하까 수련의 단계 ························································· 319
호흡 수련과 관련된 주의 사항 ··········································· 322
호흡 수련의 효과 ································································ 328
여섯 정화법(Ṣaṭkarma)의 필요성과 종류 ······························ 330
위-청소법(Dhauti) ·································································· 333
관장법(Vasti) ········································································ 335
코청소(Neti) ·········································································· 340
응시법(Trāṭaka) ····································································· 342
복부회전(Nauli) ····································································· 344
정뇌(淨腦, Kapālabhāti) ·························································· 345
여섯 정화법의 역할 ····························································· 347
여섯 정화법이 필요하지 않다는 견해 ································· 348
코끼리 행법(Gajakaraṇī) ························································ 350
호흡 수련의 당위성 ····························································· 351
쁘라나 통제와 삼매의 관계 ················································· 355
꿈브하까 수련의 효과 ························································· 357
꿈브하까(kumbhaka)의 종류 ·················································· 358
꿈브하까의 원칙 ·································································· 360
태양관통(Sūryabhedanam) 꿈브하까 ······································· 369
승리(Ujjāyī) 꿈브하까 ··························································· 374
싯-소리(Sitkārī) 꿈브하까 ······················································ 378
냉각(Śitalī) 꿈브하까 ···························································· 381
풀무(Bhastrikā) 꿈브하까 ······················································· 383
벌소리(Bhrāmarī) 꿈브하까 ··················································· 394
실신(Mūrcchā) 꿈브하까 ······················································· 396
부양(Plāvinī) 꿈브하까 ·························································· 397
쁘라나야마(prāṇāyāma)의 종류 ·············································· 397
께발라(Kevala) 꿈브하까 ······················································ 404
하타요가와 라자요가의 상보적 관계 ··································· 410
하타요가에 성공한 증표 ······················································ 414
저 자 스바뜨마라마 요긴드라Svātmārāma Yogīndra
스바뜨마라마 요긴드라는 1450년경에 활동했던 것으로 추정되는 수행자이자 철학자로 하타요가의 수행체계를 정립한 위대한 스승이다. 스바뜨마라마의 생애를 재구성할 수 있는 자료는 거의 남아 있지 않은데 그것은 아마도 출가수행자로 은둔생활 했기 때문인 것으로 추정된다.
역 자 박 영 길
박영길 박사는 동국대 인도철학과에서 샹까라의 창조론으로 철학박사 학위를 취득했고 동국대, 한국외대, 금강대 등에서 베단따 철학, 하타요가, 산스끄리뜨를 강의하고 있다. 1997년부터 2007년까지 한국요가연수원과 청담요가수련원에서 하타요가를 지도했고 2007-2010년 오스트리아의 비엔나 대학, 파키스탄의 펀잡대, 한국의 금강대가 공동으로 진행했던 ‘울너 필사본 프로젝트’(Woonler Project)의 전임 연구원으로 산스끄리뜨 필사본을 연구했다. 역자는 한국연구재단의 인문저술 프로젝트로 『하타요가 문헌연구: 성립사와 주요 사상』(2017년 출판예정)을 진행하고 있다.
차 례
일러두기 ············································································· ⅰ
제1부 문헌연구
제1장 『하타의 등불』과 주석서 『월광』 ······················· 3
I. 『하타의 등불』 ····································································· 3
1. 저 자 ········································································ 10
2. 성립 시기 ····································································· 12
3. 필사본 개괄 ·································································· 15
II. 주석서 『월광』(Jyotsnā) ····················································· 32
1. 『월광』의 문헌적 의의 ·················································· 32
2. 『월광』의 성립과 저자 ·················································· 43
3. 『월광』의 출판 및 필사본 현황 ···································· 53
제2장 『하타의 등불』의 구성 ····································· 65
I. 구 성 ············································································· 65
II. 『하타의 등불』의 주요 내용 ············································· 70
III. 『하타의 등불』의 수행법 목록 ········································ 75
1. 아사나(Āsana) ································································ 77
2. 여섯 정화법(Ṣaṭkarma) ··················································· 79
3. 꿈브하까(Kumbhaka) ······················································ 80
4. 무드라(Mudrā) ······························································· 81
5. 명 상 ········································································ 83
제3장 『하타의 등불』의 명칭 ······································· 85
I. 필 사 본 ············································································ 89
1. 콜로폰과 카탈로그 ························································ 89
2. 필사 연도 ····································································· 93
II. 후대 문헌의 언급 ····························································· 95
1. 『하타라뜨나발리』(Haṭharatnāvalī) ·································· 95
2. 『유끄따브하바데바』(Yuktabhavadeva) ······························ 97
3. 『요가까르니까』(Yogakarṇikā) ········································· 98
4. 『요가찐따마니』(Yogacintāmaṇi) ······································ 99
5. 요가 우빠니샤드들(Upaniṣadbhāṣya-s)에 대한
『주해서』 ····································································· 100
6. 『고락샤싯드히싯드한따상그라하』(Gorakṣasiddhāntasaṃgraha)
···································································· 101
7. 『요가싯드한따짠드리까』(Yogasiddhāntacandrikā) ··········· 102
III. 주석서, 『월광』(Jyotsnā)의 언급 ····································· 104
IV. 스바뜨마라마의 표현 ····················································· 106
1. 하타(Haṭha)의 의미와 용례 ·········································· 106
2. 운 율 ······································································· 110
3. 저자의 언급 ································································ 110
V. 표준적 명칭과 표기 ······················································· 113
제4장 『하타의 등불』의 운율(Chandas) ··················· 118
I. 운율에 따른 용어 사용의 제한성 ···································· 120
II. 아누쉬뚜브-쉴로까(Anuṣṭubh-śloka) ·································· 127
1. 빠티야(기본형, Pathyā) ·················································· 129
2. 비뿔라(확장형, Vipulā) ·················································· 130
III. 브릿따(Vṛtta) 운율 ························································· 135
1. 동일 운율(Samavṛtta) ···················································· 135
2. 이질 운율(Visamavṛtta) ················································· 146
IV. 교차운율(Ardhasamavṛtta: 절반운율) ································· 147
V. 자띠(Jāti) 운율 ································································ 149
1. 아리야(Āryā) ································································ 151
2. 아우빠찬다시까(Aupacchandasika) ································· 154
VI. 운율 체계 ······································································ 157
범 례 ················································································ 167
제2부 귀경게(maṅgala)
제1장 첫 번째 가르침: 아사나(체위, 좌법) ················· 173
귀경게(maṅgala) ··································································· 173
탐구 주제와 저술 목적 ························································ 184
스바뜨마라마의 요가 전통 ··················································· 191
하타요가의 계보 ·································································· 198
모든 요가의 토대인 하타요가 ············································· 209
비밀의 준수 ········································································· 211
수련장의 입지 조건과 구조 ················································· 212
주의 사항과 수행의 권유 ···················································· 218
아사나(āsana: 체위, 좌법)의 전통 ·········································· 221
길상좌(Svastikāsanam) ··························································· 225
소얼굴 체위(Gomukhāsanam) ················································· 227
영웅좌(Vīrāsanam) ································································· 227
거북이 체위(Kūrmāsanam) ····················································· 229
수탉 체위(Kukkuṭāsanam) ······················································ 230
누운 거북이 체위(Uttānakūrmāsanam) ···································· 230
활 체위(Dhanurāsanam) ························································· 231
맛첸드라 체위(Mastyendrāsanam) ··········································· 232
등펴기 체위(Paścimatāna) ······················································ 235
공작 체위(Mayūrāsanam) ······················································· 238
송장 체위(Śavāsanam) ··························································· 242
요가의 84가지 체위와 달인좌 ············································· 244
달인좌(Siddhāsanam) ····························································· 247
달인좌에 대한 칭송 ····························································· 252
연화좌(Padmāsanam) ······························································ 260
사자좌(Siṃhāsanam) ······························································ 270
행운좌(Bhadrāsanam) ····························································· 272
하타요가의 수련 순서 ························································· 273
음식에 대한 규정: 절식(節食, mitāhāra) ······························· 277
음식에 대한 규정: 부적당한 음식 ······································· 280
수행 초기의 금기 사항 ························································ 283
음식에 대한 규정: 유익한 음식 ·········································· 286
요가 수련의 권유 ································································ 289
제2장 두 번째 가르침: 호흡법 ··································· 293
호흡수련(prāṇāyāma)의 권유 ················································· 295
호흡 수련의 동기 ································································ 301
나디 정화의 중요성 ····························································· 304
나디정화법 ··········································································· 308
나디정화 호흡법 요약 및 효과 ··········································· 315
꿈브하까의 수련 횟수와 시간대 ·········································· 318
꿈브하까 수련의 단계 ························································· 319
호흡 수련과 관련된 주의 사항 ··········································· 322
호흡 수련의 효과 ································································ 328
여섯 정화법(Ṣaṭkarma)의 필요성과 종류 ······························ 330
위-청소법(Dhauti) ·································································· 333
관장법(Vasti) ········································································ 335
코청소(Neti) ·········································································· 340
응시법(Trāṭaka) ····································································· 342
복부회전(Nauli) ····································································· 344
정뇌(淨腦, Kapālabhāti) ·························································· 345
여섯 정화법의 역할 ····························································· 347
여섯 정화법이 필요하지 않다는 견해 ································· 348
코끼리 행법(Gajakaraṇī) ························································ 350
호흡 수련의 당위성 ····························································· 351
쁘라나 통제와 삼매의 관계 ················································· 355
꿈브하까 수련의 효과 ························································· 357
꿈브하까(kumbhaka)의 종류 ·················································· 358
꿈브하까의 원칙 ·································································· 360
태양관통(Sūryabhedanam) 꿈브하까 ······································· 369
승리(Ujjāyī) 꿈브하까 ··························································· 374
싯-소리(Sitkārī) 꿈브하까 ······················································ 378
냉각(Śitalī) 꿈브하까 ···························································· 381
풀무(Bhastrikā) 꿈브하까 ······················································· 383
벌소리(Bhrāmarī) 꿈브하까 ··················································· 394
실신(Mūrcchā) 꿈브하까 ······················································· 396
부양(Plāvinī) 꿈브하까 ·························································· 397
쁘라나야마(prāṇāyāma)의 종류 ·············································· 397
께발라(Kevala) 꿈브하까 ······················································ 404
하타요가와 라자요가의 상보적 관계 ··································· 410
하타요가에 성공한 증표 ······················································ 414
저 자 스바뜨마라마 요긴드라Svātmārāma Yogīndra
스바뜨마라마 요긴드라는 1450년경에 활동했던 것으로 추정되는 수행자이자 철학자로 하타요가의 수행체계를 정립한 위대한 스승이다. 스바뜨마라마의 생애를 재구성할 수 있는 자료는 거의 남아 있지 않은데 그것은 아마도 출가수행자로 은둔생활 했기 때문인 것으로 추정된다.
역 자 박 영 길
박영길 박사는 동국대 인도철학과에서 샹까라의 창조론으로 철학박사 학위를 취득했고 동국대, 한국외대, 금강대 등에서 베단따 철학, 하타요가, 산스끄리뜨를 강의하고 있다. 1997년부터 2007년까지 한국요가연수원과 청담요가수련원에서 하타요가를 지도했고 2007-2010년 오스트리아의 비엔나 대학, 파키스탄의 펀잡대, 한국의 금강대가 공동으로 진행했던 ‘울너 필사본 프로젝트’(Woonler Project)의 전임 연구원으로 산스끄리뜨 필사본을 연구했다. 역자는 한국연구재단의 인문저술 프로젝트로 『하타요가 문헌연구: 성립사와 주요 사상』(2017년 출판예정)을 진행하고 있다.
